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- Material is organized by unit following the course textbook, Myers' Psychology for AP. Access and Excel? Quickly memorize the terms, phrases and much more. The study guide not text book, please. Enterprising students use this website to learn AP...
- Myers, Richard O Longtime Myers collaborator Richard Straub provides an updated study guide for the new edition. Table of Contents. Published by Guset User, Answer Lewicki, David M. Saunders, Bruce Barry, Test Bank. Saunders, Bruce Barry,...
- He used details from books he had not read. Computers can easily generate long lists of nonsense syllables. It is easy to motivate people to memorize a list of nonsense syllables. Nonsense syllables do not generate proactive interference. It is possible to know exactly when someone first learned a list. What did later memory researchers learn that Ebbinghaus did not know?
- People can memorize material that is meaningless. Long lists are harder to memorize than short lists. It is possible to measure memory quantitatively. We have more than one type of memory. Copyright Cengage Learning. What can we infer from comparing several methods of testing memory? Memory is like watching a video recording of the event. How well you remember something depends on how someone tests you. Each memory is stored in a different location in the cerebral cortex.
- If you try to describe your high school graduation, you are engaged in which type of memory test? Free recall b. Recognition c. Savings d. Suppose you try to remember everything you did last summer. What type of memory test is this? Suppose you try to remember all the presidents of the United States, but to help, someone provides all their first and last initials. Cued recall c. Recognition d. Your geography professor gives you a list of the countries of Africa and asks for the capital of each, but provides the first letter of each capital.
- What kind of memory test is this? Someone shows you photos of famous scientists and asks you to name them. This is which type of memory test? Which kind of memory test are you taking right now? Your physician gives you a list of medicines and asks you to check the ones that you have taken. Page 5 After you witness a crime, the police show you photographs and ask whether any of them was the culprit. They are checking your memory by which method? Because you are having trouble remembering the name of your lab instructor, you scan a list of all the instructors in the department, hoping it will remind you. You cannot remember the Spanish you studied in elementary school.
Psychology: Chapter 7-Learning, Review System Flashcards Preview
Nevertheless, you learn it in college faster than those who never studied it before. You demonstrated memory by what method? Page 6 In memory research, what does the savings method measure? How rapidly you can remember something b. How rapidly you can relearn something apparently forgotten c. How long you can remember something before you forget it d.- Suppose someone tests whether people who have forgotten something can relearn it faster than people who had never learned it at all. Which type of memory test is this? If you seem to have forgotten something completely, and you cannot even identify the correct answer from a list of choices, which method might nevertheless indicate some trace of memory? The savings method of testing memory is unusual in what way? It measures memories by direct recordings from the brain.
- Page 7 b. It measures memories by observing subtle changes in facial expression. It can detect a weak memory that someone seemed to have forgotten. It is appropriate for use only with preschool children. Which of these is a feature of implicit memory? Implicit memory occurs only in conditions of intense concentration. Implicit memory gains strength as time passes. Implicit memory can influence you without your awareness.
PSYC Psychology Chapter 7 Answers Complete Solutions For Any Quiz And Exam
Implicit memory occurs only in humans, and mainly in adults. If overhearing a word primes you to say it yourself, what type of memory has occurred? Declarative b. Implicit c. Semantic d. What is unusual about implicit memories? You can show implicit memory without realizing it. Implicit memory does not require brain activity. Implicit memory becomes stronger and stronger after a delay. Implicit memory describes an event that did not actually occur. What does an implicit test of memory measure? Relative activity of several brain areas b. Recent experiences that people may not remember consciously c. Depth of processing d. What type of memory does this tendency demonstrate? Implicit memory b. Declarative memory c. Semantic memory d. Shortly after you read a novel with complex sentence structure, your own writing includes more complex sentences than usual. In doing so, what type of memory do you demonstrate? Episodic memory b.- Answer: Memory is conceptualized as a process consisting of three independent, though interrelated stages. These are: Encoding: It is the first stage which refers to a process by which information is recorded and registered for the first time so that it becomes usable by our memory system. In encoding, incoming information is received and some meaning is derived. Storage: It is the second stage of memory: Information which was encoded must also be stored so that it can be put to use later. Storage refers to the process through which information is retained and held over a period of time. Retrieval: It is the third stage of memory. Question 2. How is information processed thrdugh sensory, short-term and long-term memory systems? Answer: Atkinson and Shiffrin model of memory also known as stage model of memory.
NCERT Solutions For Class 11 Psychology Chapter 7 Human Memory
This proposes the existence of three separate but sequentially linked memory systems, the sensory memory, the short-term memory and the long-term memory. The sensory memory—contains a fleeting impression of a sensory stimulus a sight or a sound. It is initial process that preserve brief impression of stimuli. It has a large capacity. It is of very short duration that is less than a second. The short-term memory—a limited recollection of recently perceived stimuli a telephone number or an order of drinks. It holds small amount of information for a brief periocfof time i. It is primarily encoded acoustically. The long-term memory—a more or less permanent store of memories for later retrieval e.- In this stage informations are encoded semantically and storage capacity is unlimited. Each of these memory system is seen as differing in the way they process information, how much information they can hold and for how long they can hold that information. The model can be expressed in the following diagram: Question 3. How are maintenance rehearsals different from elaborative rehearsals? It is used to retain the information for as much time as required. As the name suggests these kinds of rehearsals simply maintain information through repetition and when such repetitions discontinue the information is lost. It is carried through silent or vocal repetition. Elaborative rehearsals: From the STM information enters the long term memory through elaborative rehearsals. In elaborate rehearsals, one attempts to analyse the information in terms of various information it arouses. Assignment of meaning and associations are formed.
- Question 4. Differentiate between declarative and procedural memories. Answer: Difference between declarative and procedural memories are following: Declarative Memory All information pertaining to facts, names, date, such as rikshaw has three wheels or that India became independent on August 15, or a frog is an amphibian or you and your friend share the same name are part of this. Facts retained in this memory are related to amenable to verbal descriptions. Procedural Memory It refers to memories relating to procedures of accomplishing various tasks, i.
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Contents of this memory can not be described easily. Question 5. Discuss the hierarchical organisation in long-term memory? Answer: Allan Collins and Ross Quillian suggested that knowledge in long-term memory is organized in terms of concepts, categories and images and are organised hierarchically and assumes a network structure.- Elements of this structure are called nodes. Nodes are concepts While connections between nodes are labelled relationships, which indicate category membership or concept attributes. This ensures a high degree of cognitive economy, which means maximum and efficient use of the capacity of long-term memory with minimum effort. Images: An image is a concrete form of representation which directly conveys the perceptual attributes of an object. All concrete objects generate images and the knowledge related to them is encoded both verbally as well as visually. This is known as dual coding hypothesis, originally proposed by Paivio. Such information can be recalled with greater ease. According to this hypothesis, concrete nouns and information related to concrete objects are images. Information related to abstract concepts assume a verbal and a descriptive code.
- For example, if you are asked to describe a bird, the first thing that happens is that an image of a bird is generated and based on this image, you describe a bird. Question 6. Why does forgetting take place? Answer: Each one of us has experienced forgetting and its consequences almost routinely. It is because we did not memorise it well enough. It is because we did not encode the information correctly or it is because during storage, it got distorted or misplaced. There are theories which have been developed to explain forgetting: Theory of forgetting developed by Hermann Ebbinghaus: According to him the rate of forgetting is maximum in the first nine hours,particularly during the first hour. After that, the rate slows down and not much is forgotten even after many days. Forgetting due to Trace decay: a Trace theory also called disuse theory is the earliest theory of forgetting. When these memory traces are not used for a long time, they simply fade away and become unavailable.
- Drawbacks: If forgetting takes place because memory traces decay due to disuse, then people who go to sleep after memorizing should forget more compared to those who remain awake. Those who remain awake after memorizing show greater forgetting than those , who sleep. Forgetting due to interference: The interference theory suggests that forgetting is due to interferences between various informations that the memory store contains. Interference comes about at a time of retrieval when these various sets of associations compete with each other for retrieval. There are two kinds of interferences that may result in forgetting. In other words, in proactive interference past learning interferes with the recall of later learning, e. If you know English and you find it difficult to learn French it is because of proactive interference.
Chapter 7: Cognition - AP Psychology Chapter Outlines - Study Notes
In retroactive interference the later learning interferes with the recall of past learning. If you cannot recall English equivalents of French words that you are currently memorizing then it is because of retroactive interference. Forgetting due to retrieval failure: Forgetting can also occur because at the time of recall, either the retrieval cues are absent or they are inappropriate. Retrieval cues are aids which help us in recovering information stored in the memory.PSYCH Chapter 7: Cognition: Thnking, Intelligence, And Language Flashcards Preview
Without getting any cues one may recall a couple of them only but if the learner get cues like category names then the recall improves significantly. Category names may act as retrieval cues. Question 7. How is retrieval related forgetting different from forgetting due to interference? Answer: According to Tulving retrieval cues are adds which help us in recovering information stored in the memory. Tulving said that contents of memory may become inaccessible either due to absence or inappropriatance of retrieval cues that are available at the time of recall. According to interference theory of forgetting we forget due to interference between various informations the memory store contains.- According to this theory learning and memorizing involve forming of associations between items and these associations remain in the memory. Question 8. While engaging in this method of learning material, his participants committed a wide variety of errors which Bartlett considered useful in understanding the process of memory construction. Using meaningful materials such as texts, folk tales, fables etc. Schemas play an important role in the process of memorization. Schemas refer to an organization of past experiences and knowledge which influence the way in which incoming information is interpreted, stored and later retrieved. Question 9. Define Mnemonics? Suggest a plan to improve your own memory. Answer: All of us desire to possess an excellent dependable memory system. Some of these mnemonics involve use of images whereas others emphasise self- induced organization of learned information. Mnemonics using Images: Mnemonics using images require that you create vivid and interacting images of and around the material you wish to remember.
12th Class Psychology Chapter 7 Online Mcq Test With Answers For Fa Part 2 Psychology Chapter 7
The two prominent mnemonic devices, which make use of images are following: The Keyword Method: In this method, an English word that sounds similar to the word of a foreign language is identified. This English word will function as a keyword, e. You might imagine a duck in a pot full of water. This method of learning words of a foreign language is much superior compared to any kind of rote memorization. The Method of Loci: This method is particularly helpful in remembering items in serial order.- Suppose you want to remember bread, eggs, tomatoes and soap on your way to the market, you may visualize a loaf of bread and eggs placed in your kitchen, tomatoes kept on a table and soap in the bathroom. When you enter the market all you need to do is to take a mental walk along the route from your kitchen to the bathroom recalling all the items of your shopping list in a sequence. Mnemonics using organization: Organization refers to imposing certain order on the material you want to remember. Mnemonics of this kind are helpful because the framework you create while organization makes the retrieval task fairly easy. For creating chunks, it is important to discover some organization principles, which can link smaller units.
- This method is very much used to improve short term memory. Drawbacks of mnemonics: a Mnemonics strategies for memory enhancement are too simplistic. Deep processing would involve asking as many questions, related to the information as possible, considering its meaning and examining its relationships to the facts you already know.
Quiz 7: Long-Term Memory: Encoding, Retrieval, And Consolidation
Encoding, storage and retrieval Which of the following statements best represents current thinking about early-selection versus late selection theories of attention? The ocation of the attention my filter flexibility Which of the following reserachers conducted a classic experiment that demonstrated the breif duration of information in sensory memory George Sperling What is involving in chunking?- REarranging incoming information into meaningful or farmiliar patterns Penfiels studies suggest that long-lost memories can be elicited through electrical stimulation of the brain. If so, what does this suggest oculd be a cause of forgetting? REtrieval Failure What General term is used to describe models of memory that are based on the assumption that cognitive processess depend on patterns of activation in nterconnected omputional networks? Paralell dstributed processing models The tendency for recall of episocidc memory to be more accurate than semantic memory Whcih measure of memory requires subjects to reporduce information on their own, wihtout any cues?
- Recall According to intereference theory, why do peopel forget? Competition from other material James McGaugh has theorized htat hormones may influence memory storage by modulating activity in the brain. Which of the following is implicated by McGaughs Theory? THe amygdala and a variety of neurotransmitter systems in the brain What is the primary sysmptom associated with anterograde AMnesia? A person does not create memories of events that occur after a head injury Which memory system ocntains the memory for how to type on a typewriter or drive an automobile Procedural Memory system According to the notion of Deep processing, you can learn material most effectivley by relating information to which of hte following? Your own life and experience Whcih of the following terms is defined as the tendency to mould our interpretation of the past to fit how events actually turned out?
NCERT Solutions For Class 11 Psychology Chapter 7 Human Memory - Learn CBSE
During her high school years she was not only homecoming queen but also an honor student, as well as class president. As a year-old college student at Colorado State University, Spady had many dreams for her future, all of which never materialized, as she died on September 5, , after hours of binge drinking. Another student and fraternity member later discovered her body while showing his mother the house. An estimated 1, college students between the ages of 18 and 24 die from alcohol-related incidents each year, according to the National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. Have you ever decided what courses to take by asking for advice from your friends or by observing what courses they were choosing? Have you picked the clothes to wear to a party based on what your friends were wearing? Can you think of a time when you changed your beliefs or behaviors because a person in authority, such as a teacher or a religious or political leader, gave you ideas about new ways to think or new things to do?- Your answers to at least some of these questions will be yes because you, like all people, are influenced by those around you. When you find yourself in situations like these, you are experiencing what is perhaps the most basic of all social psychological processes— social influence , defined as the influence of other people on our everyday thoughts, feelings, and behavior Hogg, This chapter focuses on the social influence that leads individuals, sometimes against their will, to adopt and adhere to the opinions and behaviors of others. The outcome of this social influence, known as conformity , refers to the change in beliefs, opinions, and behaviors as a result of our perceptions about what other people believe or do.
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