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- Choice A is correct. Members of the slave class of ancient Sparta were called helots. Hoplites, refers to a type of foot soldier. The ephorate was a governing body in Sparta. Metics is a term that refers to a class of people living in Athens who...
- Greek soldiers did repel the Persian army at the battle of Marathon. Athens and Sparta did align themselves against Persia in their defense of the Greek mainland. Choice D is incorrect. The Iliad and Odyssey were most likely composed in the 8th...
- Recommended Study Tools If you want to learn more about how the Romans conquered Europe, why the Normans build castles, or what caused the Reformation, then this is the course for you! This exam is made up of approximately questions and has been designed to be like the first semester of a freshman course. This course will try an answer some of the big questions about Western Civilization by starting with the basics and seeing how they have grown and changed over time. Fast Western Civilization I Study Guide The course has been developed so it will give you a broad overview of Western Civilization and to get you thinking about what has influenced Western Civilization over the millennia. The Ancient Near East is the technical term for the eastern section of the Mediterranean and the western part of the Middle East. The Ancient Greeks are hugely influential in Western Civilization, influencing everything from architecture, to history, to education, to politics, to philosophy.
- The basic message is that the Ancient Greeks are really important! It is said that the Greeks taught the Romans and the Romans taught the world. The world would simply not be the place it is today without them. The incredible political innovations of the Roman Republic will be explored and how the Republic eventually came to an end under Julius Caesar and his grand-nephew Augustus, the first Roman Empire. The breakneck expansion of the Roman Empire will be explored as well as how Roman culture and government left a lasting impact on all the places that they conquered. Finally, the sad and slow decline of the Roman Empire due to the Germanic invasions will be discussed. This section begins looking at the Byzantine Empire and the influence of Islam on European thought, especially regarding the way the Muslim scholars preserved Ancient Greek and Roman texts.
- The massive changes to European economies that started during this period will be examined as will the beginning of the slave trade and how it impacted upon Africa. Early Modern Europe was a place of great change, but also of turmoil, and the centuries of what seemed to be never-ending war over land and religion that nearly destroyed Europe will be discussed. Take this practice quiz and judge your preparation level before diving into deeper study. All test questions are in a multiple-choice format, with one correct answer and four incorrect options. The following are samples of the types of questions that may appear on the exam.
- Question 1: When did the Hellenistic Period begin? After Alexander the Great conquered the Persians and took control of their territories Explanation: The Hellenistic period began with the huge empire of Alexander the Great. The Greek language quickly became the language of business and trade and spread rapidly among the trade routes in the Eastern Mediterranean. Hellenistic culture and religions also spread throughout the region, becoming very influential. Did you know that Alexander the Great never considered himself Greek, but rather he thought of himself as being Macedonian, which is a region found in the very north of present-day Greece.
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In the Middle Ages it came to mean Scandinavian pirate or raider, while other names such as "heathens", "Danes" or "Northmen" were also used. However, there are a few major problems with this theory. In that case, the idea behind it seems to be that the tired rower moves aside for the rested rower on the thwart when he relieves him. In that case, the word Viking was not originally connected to Scandinavian seafarers but assumed this meaning when the Scandinavians begun to dominate the seas. In Old English, and in the history of the archbishops of Hamburg-Bremen written by Adam of Bremen in about , the term generally referred to Scandinavian pirates or raiders. As in the Old Norse usages, the term is not employed as a name for any people or culture in general.- The word does not occur in any preserved Middle English texts. During the 20th century, the meaning of the term was expanded to refer to not only seaborne raiders from Scandinavia and other places settled by them like Iceland and the Faroe Islands , but also any member of the culture that produced said raiders during the period from the late 8th to the midth centuries, or more loosely from about to as late as about As an adjective, the word is used to refer to ideas, phenomena, or artefacts connected with those people and their cultural life, producing expressions like Viking age, Viking culture, Viking art, Viking religion, Viking ship and so on. According to some researchers, the term back then had no geographic or ethnic connotations that limited it to Scandinavia only. The term was instead used about anyone who to the Norse peoples appeared as a pirate.
- Thus the term "Viking" was supposedly never limited to a single ethnicity as such, but rather an activity. Roslagen is located along the coast of the northern tip of the pink area marked "Swedes and Goths". The Vikings were known as Ascomanni "ashmen" by the Germans for the ash wood of their boats, [41] Dubgail and Finngail "dark and fair foreigners" by the Irish, [42] Lochlannaich "people from the land of lakes" by the Gaels , [43] Dene Dane by the Anglo-Saxons [44] and Northmonn by the Frisians. Scandinavian bodyguards of the Byzantine emperors were known as the Varangian Guard.
- The Rus' initially appeared in Serkland in the 9th century, traveling as merchants along the Volga trade route, selling furs, honey, and slaves, as well as luxury goods such as amber, Frankish swords, and walrus ivory. Hoards of 9th century Baghdad-minted silver coins have been found in Sweden, particularly in Gotland. It is used in distinction from Anglo-Saxon. Similar terms exist for other areas, such as Hiberno-Norse for Ireland and Scotland. Illuminated illustration from the 12th century Miscellany on the Life of St. Edmund Pierpont Morgan Library The Viking Age in Scandinavian history is taken to have been the period from the earliest recorded raids by Norsemen in until the Norman conquest of England in The Normans were descendants of those Vikings who had been given feudal overlordship of areas in northern France, namely the Duchy of Normandy , in the 10th century.
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In that respect, descendants of the Vikings continued to have an influence in northern Europe. Two Vikings even ascended to the throne of England, with Sweyn Forkbeard claiming the English throne in until and his son Cnut the Great being king of England between and Traditionally containing large numbers of Scandinavians, it was known as the Varangian Guard. Scandinavian Norsemen explored Europe by its seas and rivers for trade, raids, colonization, and conquest. In the Viking Age, the present day nations of Norway, Sweden and Denmark did not exist, but were largely homogeneous and similar in culture and language, although somewhat distinct geographically. The names of Scandinavian kings are reliably known for only the later part of the Viking Age.Award-Winning CLEP Western Civilization I: Ancient Near East To 1648 Test Prep Near Me
After the end of the Viking Age the separate kingdoms gradually acquired distinct identities as nations, which went hand-in-hand with their Christianisation. Thus the end of the Viking Age for the Scandinavians also marks the start of their relatively brief Middle Ages. Intermixing with the Slavs The Vikings significantly intermixed with the Slavs. Slavic and Viking tribes were "closely linked, fighting one another, intermixing and trading". However, new analyses suggest that the woman was a Slav from present-day Poland. The first source mentioning Iceland and Greenland is a papal letter of Twenty years later, they appear in the Gesta of Adam of Bremen. It was not until after , when the islands had become Christianized, that accounts of the history of the islands were written from the point of view of the inhabitants in sagas and chronicles.- Later in their history, they began to settle in other lands. This expansion occurred during the Medieval Warm Period. Their realm was bordered by powerful tribes to the south. The Saxons were a fierce and powerful people and were often in conflict with the Vikings. To counter the Saxon aggression and solidify their own presence, the Danes constructed the huge defence fortification of Danevirke in and around Hedeby. The Saxon defeat resulted in their forced christening and the absorption of Old Saxony into the Carolingian Empire. Fear of the Franks led the Vikings to further expand Danevirke, and the defence constructions remained in use throughout the Viking Age and even up until Because of the expansion of the Vikings across Europe, a comparison of DNA and archeology undertaken by scientists at the University of Cambridge and University of Copenhagen suggested that the term "Viking" may have evolved to become "a job description, not a matter of heredity," at least in some Viking bands.
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Researchers have suggested that Vikings may have originally started sailing and raiding due to a need to seek out women from foreign lands. Due to this, the average Viking man could have been forced to perform riskier actions to gain wealth and power to be able to find suitable women. However, this time period did not commence until the 10th century, Norway was never subject to aggression by Charlemagne and the period of strife was due to successive Norwegian kings embracing Christianity after encountering it overseas. Contrary to Simek's assertion, Viking raids occurred sporadically long before the reign of Charlemagne; but exploded in frequency and size after his death, when his empire fragmented into multiple much weaker entities. Lack of organised naval opposition throughout Western Europe allowed Viking ships to travel freely, raiding or trading as opportunity permitted. The decline in the profitability of old trade routes could also have played a role.Western Civilization Handouts & Links - Mr. Rinaldi's DHS Website
Trade between western Europe and the rest of Eurasia suffered a severe blow when the Western Roman Empire fell in the 5th century. The Jutes invaded the British Isles three centuries earlier, pouring out from Jutland during the Age of Migrations , before the Danes settled there. The Saxons and the Angles did the same, embarking from mainland Europe. The Viking raids were, however, the first to be documented in writing by eyewitnesses, and they were much larger in scale and frequency than in previous times. With the advancements of their ships during the ninth century, the Vikings were able to sail to Kievan Rus and some northern parts of Europe. Its inhabitants were known as Jomsvikings. Jomsborg's exact location, or its existence, has not yet been established, though it is often maintained that Jomsborg was somewhere on the islands of the Oder estuary.- Towns appeared that functioned as secular and ecclesiastical administrative centres and market sites, and monetary economies began to emerge based on English and German models. Foreign churchmen and native elites were energetic in furthering the interests of Christianity, which was now no longer operating only on a missionary footing, and old ideologies and lifestyles were transforming. By , the first archbishopric was founded in Scandinavia, at Lund , Scania, then part of Denmark. The assimilation of the nascent Scandinavian kingdoms into the cultural mainstream of European Christendom altered the aspirations of Scandinavian rulers and of Scandinavians able to travel overseas, and changed their relations with their neighbours.
- One of the primary sources of profit for the Vikings had been slave-taking from other European peoples. The medieval Church held that Christians should not own fellow Christians as slaves, so chattel slavery diminished as a practice throughout northern Europe. This took much of the economic incentive out of raiding, though sporadic slaving activity continued into the 11th century. Scandinavian predation in Christian lands around the North and Irish Seas diminished markedly. The kings of Norway continued to assert power in parts of northern Britain and Ireland, and raids continued into the 12th century, but the military ambitions of Scandinavian rulers were now directed toward new paths.
- In , Sigurd I of Norway sailed for the eastern Mediterranean with Norwegian crusaders to fight for the newly established Kingdom of Jerusalem , and Danes and Swedes participated energetically in the Baltic Crusades of the 12th and 13th centuries. Although they were generally a non-literate culture that produced no literary legacy, they had an alphabet and described themselves and their world on runestones. Most contemporary literary and written sources on the Vikings come from other cultures that were in contact with them. The most important primary sources on the Vikings are contemporary texts from Scandinavia and regions where the Vikings were active. Most contemporary documentary sources consist of texts written in Christian and Islamic communities outside Scandinavia, often by authors who had been negatively affected by Viking activity.
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Later writings on the Vikings and the Viking Age can also be important for understanding them and their culture, although they need to be treated cautiously. After the consolidation of the church and the assimilation of Scandinavia and its colonies into the mainstream of medieval Christian culture in the 11th and 12th centuries, native written sources begin to appear in Latin and Old Norse. In the Viking colony of Iceland, an extraordinary vernacular literature blossomed in the 12th through 14th centuries, and many traditions connected with the Viking Age were written down for the first time in the Icelandic sagas.- A literal interpretation of these medieval prose narratives about the Vikings and the Scandinavian past is doubtful, but many specific elements remain worthy of consideration, such as the great quantity of skaldic poetry attributed to court poets of the 10th and 11th centuries, the exposed family trees, the self images, the ethical values, that are contained in these literary writings. Indirectly, the Vikings have also left a window open onto their language, culture and activities, through many Old Norse place names and words found in their former sphere of influence. Some of these place names and words are still in direct use today, almost unchanged, and shed light on where they settled and what specific places meant to them.
- Viking influence is also evident in concepts like the present-day parliamentary body of the Tynwald on the Isle of Man. Some modern words and names only emerge and contribute to our understanding after a more intense research of linguistic sources from medieval or later records, such as York Horse Bay , Swansea Sveinn 's Isle or some of the place names in Normandy like Tocqueville Toki's farm. It has been speculated that the reason for this was the great differences between the two languages, combined with the Rus' Vikings more peaceful businesses in these areas and the fact that they were outnumbered. The Norse named some of the rapids on the Dnieper , but this can hardly be seen from the modern names. While there are few remains of runic writing on paper from the Viking era, thousands of stones with runic inscriptions have been found where Vikings lived. They are usually in memory of the dead, though not necessarily placed at graves.
- The use of runor survived into the 15th century, used in parallel with the Latin alphabet. The runestones are unevenly distributed in Scandinavia: Denmark has runestones, Norway has 50 while Iceland has none. Many runestones in Scandinavia record the names of participants in Viking expeditions, such as the Kjula runestone that tells of extensive warfare in Western Europe and the Turinge Runestone , which tells of a war band in Eastern Europe. Other runestones mention men who died on Viking expeditions. Among them include the England runestones Swedish : Englandsstenarna which is a group of about 30 runestones in Sweden which refer to Viking Age voyages to England.
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They constitute one of the largest groups of runestones that mention voyages to other countries, and they are comparable in number only to the approximately 30 Greece Runestones [] and the 26 Ingvar Runestones , the latter referring to a Viking expedition to the Middle East. The runes on the lion tell of Swedish warriors, most likely Varangians , mercenaries in the service of the Byzantine Eastern Roman Emperor. The Jelling stones date from between and The older, smaller stone was raised by King Gorm the Old , the last pagan king of Denmark, as a memorial honouring Queen Thyre.- Viking Age inscriptions have also been discovered on the Manx runestones on the Isle of Man. The Elfdalian language differentiates itself from the other Scandinavian.
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