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- Also, they generate enough power to meet local demands. Concentrated solar power systems use lenses or mirrors and tracking systems to focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam. With the help of photovoltaic cells, solar energy can be converted into electricity. This technology is extremely useful for remote areas and for places where the supply of power through grid or power lines is either not possible or proves to be very costly. In economic terms, Affluence trap means environmental degradation trap. When a nation becomes more affluent economic well being of all , it uses up more natural resources in order to provide for the necessities of its people. This over usage of natural resources causes environmental problems. In the rich countries of the developed world, the high level of consumption associated with the high level of income is using up natural resources at a fast pace; As a consequence, these countries are getting trapped into a situation of severe environmental degradation.
- Major environmental issues of India today are forest and agricultural degradation of land, resource depletion such as water, mineral, forest, sand, and rocks , public health, loss of biodiversity, loss of resilience in ecosystems, livelihood security for the poor and air pollution with special reference to vehicular pollution in urban cities. Examples of overuse of environmental resources and misuse of environmental resources are as under:- Overuse of environmental resources Soil degradation due to improper crop rotation and crop shifting. Drying up of fivers due to overuse of water from them through dams and reservoirs. Misuse of environmental resources Excess use of electricity leads lo depletion of resources like coal and water from which electricity is generated. Excess use of petrol and diesel in vehicles. With population explosion and with the advent of industrial revolution, to meet the growing needs of the expanding population, the demand for resources for both production and consumption has gone beyond the rate of regeneration of the resources and due to this, the pressure on environment has increased tremendously.
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The increasing population has led to increased demand for housing and this has led to widespread deforestation. In order to accelerate the process of industrialisation, natural resources are being used up at a much faster pace. We are now faced with increased demand for environmental resources and services but their supply is limited due to overuse and misuse of these resources. Hence, the environmental issues of waste generation and pollution have become critical today. Biotic Abiotic Meaning Biotic factors are living or once-living organisms in the ecosystem. These are obtained from the biosphere and are capable of reproduction. Abiotic factors refer to non-living physical and chemical elements in the ecosystem. Abiotic resources are usually obtained from the lithosphere, atmosphere, and hydrosphere.- Example Examples of biotic factors are animals, birds, plants, fungi, and other similar organisms. Examples of abiotic factors are water, air, soil, sunlight, and minerals. Abiotic factors affect the living organisms in a community. In a barren ecosystem new organisms start colonizing the ecosystem. They depend on the environmental components to thrive well in the system. Following are the benefits associated with solar power: It is pollution free and causes no greenhouse gases to be emitted after installation. Reduced dependence on foreign oil and fossil fuels.
- Renewable clean power that is available every day of the year, even cloudy days produce some power. Return on investment unlike paying for utility bills. Virtually no maintenance as solar panels last over 30 years. Creates jobs by employing solar panel manufacturers, solar installers, etc. Excess power can be sold back to the power company if grid intertied. Can be installed virtually anywhere; in a field to on a building.
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Use batteries to store extra power for use at night. Solar can be used to heat water, power homes and building, even power cars. Following are the limitations associated with solar power: It is not suitable for areas where sunlight is less or which are generally overcast. Solar power is not available at night. The initial cost of establishing solar panels is more and it requires active action by the consumers. There are two views on how economic development affects the environment. They are as follows: According to the first view, economic development degrades our environment by using natural resources for production of goods and services. Economic development results in pollution in the form of air pollution, water pollution and land pollution. According to the second view, economic development improves environmental quality. The discovery of new materials and sources not only use less natural resources, but sometimes replace them. Thus, with economic development, degradation of environment decreases.- From the above discussion, we find that relationship between environment and economic development is dynamic and complex. Poverty in developing countries is also said to be responsible for environmental degradation. Poor people rely on natural resources more than the rich. For survival, the rural poor are forced to cut forests for timber and fuel as well as grazing animals on pasture lands more than the reproductive capacity of these natural resources. Besides, when the cultivable land becomes short relative to population, the poor are forced to make their subsistence by cultivating fragile land on hills and mountains resulting in soil erosion on a large scale. It is in such environment that poverty becomes a vicious circle. Poverty leads to land degradation and land degradation accelerates the process of impoverishment because poor people depend directly on the exploitation of natural resources on which property rights are not properly assigned.
- Undoubtedly, economic development leads to excessive extraction of natural resources and generation of pollutants, but it introduces new processes, materials and discoveries. We should be careful and ensure that economic development should not damage the environment.
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The study showed that higher achieving students were able to look past this while other students were not. Another study done by White and Frederiksen [29] showed that when twelve 7th grade science classrooms were given time to reflect on what they deemed to be quality work, and how they thought they would be evaluated on their work, the gap between the high achieving students and the low achieving students was decreased.- One way to help with this is to offer students different examples of other students' work so they can evaluate the different pieces. By examining the different levels of work, students can start to differentiate between superior and inferior work. Feedback[ edit ] There has been extensive research done on studying how students are affected by feedback. Kluger and DeNisi [30] reviewed over three thousand reports on feedback in schools, universities, and the workplace. Of these, only of them were found to be scientifically rigorous and of those, 50 of the studies shows that feedback actually has negative effects on its recipients.
- This is due to the fact that feedback is often "ego-involving", [19] that is the feedback focuses on the individual student rather than the quality of the student's work. Feedback is often given in the form of some numerical or letter grade and that perpetuates students being compared to their peers. The studies previously mentioned showed that the most effective feedback for students is when they are not only told in which areas they need to improve, but also how to go about improving it.
- The next thing students tend to do is to ask other students in the class for their grade, and they compare the grade to their own grade. Questioning[ edit ] Questioning is an important part of the learning process and an even more important part is asking the right types of questions. Questions should either cause the student to think, or collect information to inform teaching. Here are some types of questions that are good to ask students: What do you think of [student]'s answer? What can we add to [student]'s explanation? Wait time[ edit ] Wait time is the amount of time that is given to a student to answer a question that was posed and the time allowed for the student to answer.
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Mary Budd Rowe [33] went on to research the outcomes of having longer wait times for students. Peer-assessment[ edit ] Having students assess each other's work has been studied to have numerous benefits: [34] When students know that they are going to be assessed by their peers, they tend to put more attention to detail in their work. Students are able to speak to one another in a language that they are more comfortable with than they would be with an instructor.Topic: Environment Sustainable Economic Development (Test 1)
The insight of a fellow student might be more relatable than that of a teacher. Students tend to accept constructive criticism more from a fellow student than from an instructor. While students are in the process of peer-assessment, a teacher can more easily take command of the learning going on. The teacher can also stand on the sidelines and watch as the students continue to assess each other's work and may intervene at any time if need be. In K—12[ edit ] Formative assessment is valuable for day-to-day teaching when used to adapt instructional methods to meet students' needs and for monitoring student progress toward learning goals. Formative assessment is also known as educative assessment, classroom assessment, or assessment for learning. Methods[ edit ] There are many ways to integrate formative assessment into K—12 classrooms. Although the key concepts of formative assessment such as constant feedback, modifying the instruction, and information about students' progress do not vary among different disciplines or levels, the methods or strategies may differ.Biology Questions And Answers Form 3 - Biology Form Three Notes
For example, researchers developed generative activities Stroup et al. Others developed strategies computer-supported collaborative learning environments Wang et al. Purpose[ edit ] Formative assessment, or diagnostic testing as the National Board of Professional Teaching Standards argues, serves to create effective teaching curricula and classroom-specific evaluations. By focusing on student-centered activities, a student is able to relate the material to his life and experiences. Students are encouraged to think critically and to develop analytical skills. This type of testing allows for a teacher's lesson plan to be clear, creative, and reflective of the curriculum T.- P Scot et al. The implications of this type of testing,is developing a knowledgeable student with deep understanding of the information and then be able to account for a students' comprehension on a subject. The following are examples of application of formative assessment to content areas: In math education[ edit ] In math education, it is important for teachers to see how their students approach the problems and how much mathematical knowledge and at what level students use when solving the problems.
- That is, knowing how students think in the process of learning or problem solving makes it possible for teachers to help their students overcome conceptual difficulties and, in turn, improve learning. In that sense, formative assessment is diagnostic. In math classes, thought revealing activities such as model-eliciting activities MEAs and generative activities provide good opportunities for covering these aspects of formative assessment. Feedback examples[ edit ] Here are some examples of possible feedback for students in math education: [19] Student: "I just don't get it.
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Then we add one more variable. See if you can find out what it is, and I'll come back in a few minutes. Try to find them and fix them. Can you find a way to work it out? Can you use elimination now to solve them? Can you explain the advantages and disadvantages of each method? Can you make up your own more difficult problem? Talk to Katie about the differences with the two. It also raises students' awareness on their target languages, which results in resetting their own goals.IGCSE Development Studies: Specimen Questions With Answers 96 - 97 Of 98
In consequence, it helps students to achieve their goals successfully as well as teachers be the facilitators to foster students' target language ability. In classroom, short quizzes, inflectional journals, or portfolios could be used as a formative assessment Cohen, Teachers and students both use formative assessments as a tool to make decisions based on data. Formative assessment occurs when teachers feed information back to students in ways that enable the student to learn better, or when students can engage in a similar, self-reflective process. The evidence shows that high quality formative assessment does have a powerful impact on student learning. Black and Wiliam report that studies of formative assessment show an effect size on standardized tests of between 0. The effect size is the ratio of the average improvement in test scores in the innovation to the range of scores of typical groups of pupils on the same tests; Black and Wiliam recognize that standardized tests are very limited measures of learning.- Formative assessment is particularly effective for students who have not done well in school, thus narrowing the gap between low and high achievers while raising overall achievement. Research examined by Black and Wiliam supports the conclusion that summative assessments tend to have a negative effect on student learning. Model-eliciting activities MEAs are ideally structured to help students build their real-world sense of problem solving towards increasingly powerful mathematical constructs.
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What is especially useful for mathematics educators and researchers is the capacity of MEAs to make students' thinking visible through their models and modeling cycles. Teachers do not prompt the use of particular mathematical concepts or their representational counterparts when presenting the problems. Instead, they choose activities that maximize the potential for students to develop the concepts that are the focal point in the curriculum by building on their early and intuitive ideas. The mathematical models emerge from the students' interactions with the problem situation and learning is assessed via these emergent behaviors. Generative activities[ edit ] In a generative activity, students are asked to come up with outcomes that are mathematically same.Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ) On Sustainable Development - Scholarexpress
Students can arrive at the responses or build responses from this sameness in a wide range of ways. The sameness gives coherence to the task and allows it to be an "organizational unit for performing a specific function. In addition, as a complementary to all of these is to modify and adapt instruction through the information gathered by those activities. In computer-supported learning[ edit ] Many academics are seeking to diversify assessment tasks, broaden the range of skills assessed and provide students with more timely and informative feedback on their progress. Others are wishing to meet student expectations for more flexible delivery and to generate efficiencies in assessment that can ease academic staff workloads. The move to on-line and computer based assessment is a natural outcome of the increasing use of information and communication technologies to enhance learning.Class 12 Economics Environment Sustainable Development Extra Questions
As more students seek flexibility in their courses, it seems inevitable there will be growing expectations for flexible assessment as well. When implementing online and computer-based instruction, it is recommended that a structured framework or model be used to guide the assessment. The way in which teachers orchestrate their classroom activities and lesson can be improved through the use of connected classroom technologies. With the use of technology, the formative assessment process not only allows for the rapid collection, analysis and exploitation of student data but also provides teachers with the data needed to inform their teaching.Quiz: How Much Do You Know About The Sustainable Development Goals?
In UK education[ edit ] In the UK education system , formative assessment or assessment for learning has been a key aspect of the agenda for personalized learning. The Working Group on 14—19 Reform led by Sir Mike Tomlinson , recommended that assessment of learners be refocused to be more teacher-led and less reliant on external assessment, putting learners at the heart of the assessment process. Example items for complex assessment include thesis, funding proposal, etc. In the past, it has been puzzling to deal with the ambiguous assessment criteria for final year project FYP thesis assessment. Webster, Pepper and Jenkins [50] discussed some common general criteria for FYP thesis and their ambiguity regarding use, meaning and application.GK Questions And Answers On The Sustainable Development And Agriculture
The problems with the FYP thesis assessment have thus received much attention over the decades since the assessment difficulty was discussed by Black Teachers can decide what minor modifications or major changes in instruction they need to make so that all students can succeed in upcoming instruction and on subsequent assessments. Teachers can create appropriate lessons and activities for groups of learners or individual students. Teachers can inform students about their current progress in order to help them set goals for improvement. Students take responsibility for their own learning. Students can become users of assessment alongside the teacher. Students learn valuable lifelong skills such as self-evaluation, self-assessment, and goal setting.- Students become more adept at self-assessment [54] [55] [56] Common formative assessments[ edit ] The practice of common formative assessments is a way for teachers to use assessments to beneficially adjust their teaching pedagogy. The concept is that teachers who teach a common class can provide their classes with a common assessment. The results of that assessment could provide the teachers with valuable information, the most important being who on that teacher team is seeing the most success with his or her students on a given topic or standard. The purpose of this practice is to provide feedback for teachers, not necessarily students, so an assignment could be considered formative for teachers, but summative for students.
- Researchers Kim Bailey and Chris Jakicic have stated that common formative assessments "promote efficiency for teachers, promote equity for students, provide an effective strategy for determining whether the guaranteed curriculum is being taught and, more importantly, learned, inform the practice of individual teachers, build a team's capacity to improve its program, facilitate a systematic, collective response to students who are experiencing difficulty, [and] offer the most powerful tool for changing adult behavior and practice. How do we know they are learning? What do we do when they're not learning? How do we respond when they've already learned the information? Common formative assessments are a way to address the second question. Teachers collects data on how students are doing to gain understanding and insight on whether students are learning, and how they are making sense of the lessons being taught. After gathering this data, teachers develop systems and plans to address the third and fourth questions and, over several years, modify the first question to fit the learning needs of their specific students.
- When utilizing common formative assessments to collect data on student progress, teachers can compare their students' results. In tandem, they can also share the strategies they used in the classroom to teach that particular concept.
- SDG Essential medicines Poor socioeconomic conditions, such as poverty, contribute to health inequalities. Addressing these inequalities is key to achieving the SDGs, and this includes adopting policies that ensure access to essential medicines. Pharmaceuticals are the main contributor to out-of-pocket payments for health in the WHO European Region and, in some settings, these payments can lead to catastrophic and impoverishing medical expenditure for individuals and families.
- Ensuring access to essential medicines without creating financial hardship will contribute to reaching the goal to end poverty. Breastfeeding Malnutrition in the WHO European Region takes many forms, and the burden of disease associated with poor nutrition continues to grow. Several areas require urgent action, including on breastfeeding. Rates do vary substantially across the Region, but even though the rate of early initiation of breastfeeding is very high in some countries, exclusive breastfeeding rates drop rapidly between 4 and 6 months of age and are very low at 6 months.
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Life Expectancy In the WHO European Region, average life expectancy has steadily increased over recent years and the gaps in average life expectancy between the sexes and between countries are getting narrower. However considerable differences remain that require continued focus and monitoring. For example, women still live longer than men at all ages, and in , the difference between countries with the highest life expectancy and the lowest was more than a decade. Since life expectancy has increased by an average of 0.- In , the lowest value in the Region was Health promoting schools Schools are a vital setting for health education and play an important role in providing a healthy environment and encouraging healthy behaviour among children. A health promoting school is one that implements a structured and systematic plan for the health and well-being of all pupils and staff. Based on a research study by Schools for Health in Europe, 16 of 26 European countries confirmed that they have a formal national health promoting school policy included in other national policies. Additionally, 16 countries incorporate health education into other subjects, such as physical education, home economics, nutrition, citizenship, biology, life sciences and technology. Violence against women Gender inequality can result indiscrimination, violence and harmful practices against women, girls and adolescents. Violence against women happens in all settings, irrespective of age, socioeconomic status or educational background, and it occurs across religious and cultural groups.
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Working with men and boys to challenge gender inequalities can also have a positive impact on the health and well-being of women and girls. Access to clean water Easy access to adequate sanitation and sufficient amounts of safe water for drinking and hygiene at home, schools and health care facilities is essential to human health and well-being, and should be a prerequisite for a decent life in the 21st century. Despite the significant progress made, access to basic water and sanitation services is not a reality for everyone in the European Region.- Although more than 19 million people gained access to a basic drinking water source between and , 14 million people still do not enjoy such access, and almost 62 million lack piped water at home. Sustainable transport Providing healthy, inclusive and sustainable transport options can promote clean energy and physical activity, thereby improving human health. Many risk factors related to motorized transport are linked to respiratory diseases, high blood pressure, obesity, cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes, cancer and mental health problems. Making cities safe for walking and cycling, as well as providing adequate, accessible and affordable public transport, will help improve health and tackle inequalities in mobility among populations.
- Healthy economic growth Economic growth and development depend on a healthy population. The returns on investment in health are estimated to be 9 to 1. In countries with high fertility rates, reduced child mortality can also positively influence household decisions on family planning. This contributes to a faster demographic transition and its associated economic benefits smaller families and longer, healthier lives , often called the demographic dividend. Source: Working for health and growth. E-Health E-health encompasses a broad group of activities that use electronic means to deliver health-related information, resources and services, such as telehealth, electronic health records, mhealth, use of ehealth in learning, social media and big data.
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It is the use of information and communication technologies for health. Recent advances in mobile technologies, improvements in broadband coverage and the growing acceptance of tele-health and mobile health m-health solutions are providing new and attractive options for health care delivery. Workforce inequalities While much progress has been made to reduce inequalities in the WHO European Region — across and within countries — gender imbalance in the workplace is one of the areas where inequities persist. They continue to be part of the workforce less frequently than men, earn less than men and are more likely to end their lives in overty. Given this, urban health has become an increasingly critical issue and very important to the global health agenda. Air pollution ambient and household is one of the biggest environmental risks to health, responsible for the premature deaths of 6.
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